Knowledge Base

CategoriesNumerical simulations, Theoretical modelling

Non-expert summaryWhen one liquid is pumped into a channel containing a second liquid, the behaviour depends on the properties of the two fluids and pressure driving force. This paper considers the stability of a flow of two miscible fluids in a horizontal channel. The flow dynamics are governed by the continuity and Navier–Stokes equations, with mass transfer between the two. An analysis of the flow in the linear regime delineates the presence of convective and absolute instabilities, and shows that vertical gradients of viscosity perturbations (caused by mixing) are the main destabilizing influence of the interface (in agreement with previous work). Previous work in the area is reviewed as well. Transient numerical simulations demonstrate the development of complex dynamics in the nonlinear regime, characterized by roll-up phenomena and intense convective mixing.

Article

Self-cleaning of a hydrophobic surface by a rolling water droplet

Hassan, G., Yilbas, B.S., Al-Sharafi, A., Al-Qahtani, H.

2019Scientific Reports95744

Keywordscleaning, drop, flow displacement, wetting

DisciplinesMechanical Engineering, Surface Chemistry

CategoriesLaboratory experiments, Theoretical modelling

Scale1e-6 to 1e-3 m, 1e-3 m, 1e-3 to 1 m / 1e-3 to 1 s, 1 to 60 s

Non-expert summaryThis is an experimental study of removal of dust particles from a hydrophobic surface by a rolling/sliding water droplet. The effect of surface inclination angle on droplet dynamics and dust removal is analyses and compared with a model. Droplet rolling dominates over sliding. Removal is mainly due to the droplet liquid coating the particles as it passes over the particle, and the removal efficiency is determined by the inclination of the surface.

Article

Convective mass transport from rectangular cavities in viscous flow

Occhialini, J.M., Higdon, J.J.L.

1992J. Electrochem. Soc.139(10)2845-2855

Keywordscavity flow, cleaning, decontamination, mass transfer, shear flow

Non-expert summaryThe authors conduct a comprehensive numerical study of convective mass transport from 2-D rectangular cavities in low‐Reynolds‐number flows, i.e. the flow set up in a long rectangular trench by the motion of a steady shear flow across the top. They calculate the velocity field in the trench and the associated mass transport (enhancement of diffusion). The flow field is calculated by a high‐order implementation of the boundary‐integral method, while the convective diffusion equation is solved using the spectral‐element method. Results are presented in the form of concentraton contours and local mass fluxes, for cavity aspect ratios from 1:1 to 4:1 and for Péclet numbers from 0 to 100,000. They investigate the effects of inlet flow profile and system boundaries on the system.

Article

Transport enhancement mechanisms in open cavities

Horner, M., Metcalf, G., Wiggins, S., Ottino, J.M.

2002J. Fluid Mechanics452199-229

Keywordscavity flow, cleaning, hydrodynamics, mass transfer, shear flow

DisciplinesFluid Mechanics

CategoriesLaboratory experiments, Numerical simulations

Scale1e-3 to 1 m / 1 to 60 s, 1 to 60 min, 1 to 24 hours

Non-expert summaryWhen a steady shear flow passes over a long (2-D) cavity it sets up a circulation cell in the cavity, where the flow in the cavity is contained within the cavity (with a boundary called the separatrix) and mass transport into and out of the cavity is predominantly by diffusion. This is particularly true at small scales. The authors investigate numerically and experimentally two methods for enhancing mass transport from these 'cells' - by geometrically modifying the boundary driving the flow, and making the driving flow time-dependent. Both modifications destabilize one of the wall attachment points of the separatrix, allowing fluid exchange between the cavity and channel. The range of Reynolds and Reynolds-Strouhal numbers studied is 7.7 <= Re <= 46.5 and 0.52 <= ReSr <= 12,55 in the spatially dependent mode and 12 <= Re <= 93 and 0.26 <= ReSr <= 5.02 in the time-dependent mode. The transport is described theoretically via lobe dynamics, which characterizes the instability of the separatrix. They find that the resulting mass transfer between the cavity and the outer shear flow, through the distabilized separatrix is enhanced by several orders of magnitude compared to a diffusive mass transfer.

Article

Transient displacement of a viscoplastic material by air in straight and suddenly constricted tubes

Dimakopoulos, Y., Tsamopoulos, J.

2003J. Non-Newtonian Fluid Mech.11243-75

Keywordscleaning, flow displacement, moving boundary problem, viscoplastic fluid

Non-expert summaryThe flushing of a viscous fluid from a pipe or cavity by a less viscous one is widely used in cleaning operations. This paper reports the numerical modelling of the transient displacement of a viscoplastic material from straight or suddenly constricted (square entry) concentric cylindrical tubes of finite length, simulating a gas at higher pressure displacing the geometry initially filled with liquid. A mixed finite element method is coupled with a quasi-elliptic mesh generation scheme in order to follow the very large deformations involved. The gas bubble grows in length and leaves a thin liquid film on the duct wall (so it does not remove all the liquid). The shape of the bubble is computed for various Reynolds and Bingham numbers (ratio of yield stress to viscous stress). The 'tip splitting' instability that can arise in flow of a gas along a tube filled with a viscous Newtonian fluids is suppressed with viscoplastic fluids at higher Bingham numbers. The shape of the bubble as it passes through the constriction is also studied.

Article

On the gas-penetration in straight tubes completely filled with a viscoelastic fluid

Dimakopoulos, Y., Tsamopoulos, J.

2004J. Non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics117(2-3)117-139

Keywordscleaning, flow displacement

DisciplinesApplied Mathematics, Fluid Mechanics

Non-expert summaryThe use of a gas to purge a viscous liquid from a straight cylindrical pipe of finite length is investigated for the case where the liquid is viscoelastic. The rheology of the liquid is described using the Giesekus and the Phan-Thien-Tanner (PTT) models. The focus of the work is on the numerical aspects of the simulations. A parametric analysis is made in order to determine the effects of elastic and inertial forces, and the Newtonian viscosity, on the process.

Article

Transient displacement of Newtonian and viscoplastic liquids by air in complex tubes

Dimakopoulos, Y., Tsamopoulos, J.

2007J. Non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics142(1-3)162-182

Keywordscleaning, flow displacement, hydrodynamics, multiphase flow, viscoplastic fluid

DisciplinesApplied Mathematics, Fluid Mechanics

CategoriesNumerical simulations, Theoretical modelling

Non-expert summaryThe use of pressurised air to displace a viscoplastic liquid from a complex duct geometry is simulated using detailed numerical modelling. The transient displacement of Newtonian and viscoplastic liquids by air in cylindrical tubes of finite length with a concentric expansion followed by a contraction in their cross section is considered. The change in diameter is not sudden. Various expansion and contraction ratios are studied. Papanastasiou's formula is employed to regularize the discontinuous Bingham model. Results are presented for a range of fluid and geometrical parameters, and some cases are compared to analytical results.

Review article

The fluid mechanics of cleaning and decontamination of surfaces

Landel, J. R., Wilson, D.I.

2021Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics53147-171

Keywordscleaning, decontamination

CategoryReview

Scale1e-9 to 1e-6 m, 1e-6 m, 1e-6 to 1e-3 m, 1e-3 m, 1e-3 to 1 m, 1 to 10 m, 10 to 1000 m, greater than 1 km / less than 1e-3 s, 1e-3 to 1 s, 1 to 60 s, 1 to 60 min, 1 to 24 hours, 1 to 30 days, 1 to 12 months, greater than 1 year

Non-expert summaryBroad review of the fluid mechanics involved in the cleaning and decontamination of surfaces using liquid flows. Three main phases are reviewed: the contacting phase, which requires the liquid cleanser to reach the soil; the action phase, which studies the various physico-chemical effects of the cleanser on the soil; and the removal phase, where the cleanser transports the soil away from the surface through various phenomena.

Article

Modelling the cleaning of viscoplastic layers by impinging coherent turbulent water jets

Fernandes, R.R. and Wilson, D.I.

2020Journal of Non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics282104314

Keywordscleaning, flow displacement, immiscible flow, impinging turbulent jet, viscoplastic fluid

CategoriesLaboratory experiments, Theoretical modelling

Scale1e-6 to 1e-3 m / 1e-3 to 1 s, 1 to 60 s

Non-expert summaryImpinging liquid jets are widely used to clean unwanted soil layers from the walls of structures and vessels. This paper investigates what is observed when a coherent, turbulent, water jet impinges normally on a thin layer of an immiscible viscoplastic material. Removal involves the growth of a cleared area (which is circular for a jet impinging normally) bounded by a berm of displaced material. Previously Glover et al. [2016, J. Food Eng.. 178, 95-109] presented a semi-empirical model relating the rate of removal (location of the berm) to the momentum flow rate in the liquid film. The authors present a first-order model for cleaning thin layers of these materials based on the rate of viscous dissipation in a shallow wedge of material at the cleaning front. This yields a result of the form of the Glover et al. model, with expressions linking the kinetic parameters to measurable quantities including the rheology of the soil. The fully coupled problem is not solved: the wedge angle and residual layer thickness need to be specified and in this work they were obtained by fitting to the data. New and existing experimental results are compared with the model for three soft solids immiscible with water: two petroleum jellies and a soft paraffin, which exhibited Bingham plastic behaviour and creep, for jet Reynolds numbers between 10,000-37,000. The ratio of average film depth and layer thickness was in the range 0.1-1.5.

Review article

Hydrodynamic systems for assessing surface fouling, soil adherence and cleaning in laboratory installations

Detry, J.G., Deroanne, C. and Sindic, M.

2009Biotechnol. Agron. Soc. Environ.13(3)427-439

Keywordscleaning, decontamination, hydrodynamics

DisciplinesChemical Engineering, Chemistry, Fluid Mechanics

CategoryReview

Scale1e-6 to 1e-3 m, 1e-3 m, 1e-3 to 1 m / 1 to 60 s, 1 to 60 min

Non-expert summaryThis is a short review presenting and comparing five apparatuses that are used in laboratory scale investigations of cleaning: the parallel plate flow cell, the impinging jet, the radial flow cell, the rotating disk and fluid dynamic gauging. These systems are of particular relevance to the study of surface fouling, surface cleaning or adhesion on solid surfaces in laboratory environment. The key features of their hydrodynamics, as well as their practical advantages and drawbacks, are discussed. Examples of applications fields are also listed. A useful introduction to these devices.

Article

Mass transfer from a flat surface to an impinging turbulent jet

Rao, V.V., Trass, O.

1964Canadian Journal Chemical Engineering42(3)95-99

Keywordscleaning, decontamination, impinging turbulent jet, mass transfer

CategoriesLaboratory experiments, Theoretical modelling

Scale1e-6 to 1e-3 m, 1e-3 to 1 m / 1e-3 to 1 s, 1 to 60 s

Non-expert summaryThis is a relatively early experimental study of mass transfer of a sparingly soluble material from a flat, solid surface when it is exposed to a normally impinging turbulent jet of water. The nozzle Reynolds numbers ranged from 25,000 to 125,000. The surface was coated with trans-cinnamic acid, and thickness profiles were measure over time to determine the local rate of mass transfer. The mass transfer flux is used to calculate the local Sherwood number (dimensionless mass transfer coefficient). In the wall-jet region these were found to be independent of the nozzle to plate distance, and were correlated as Sh = 1.3*Re^0.84*(x/d)^- 1.27. The authors found reasonable agreement with published heat transfer data . The average Sherwood numbers in the impingement region were found to decrease rapidly beyond a transition zone of 6.5 diameters from the nozzle: mass transfer rates are thus weak beyond this zone.

Article

Local wall shear stress variations predicted by computational fluid dynamics for hygienic design

Jensen, B.B.B., Friis, A., Bénézech, T., Legentilhomme, P., Lelièvre, C.

2005Food Bioproducts Processing83(C1)53-60

Keywordscleaning, decontamination, shear flow, turbulence

Scale1e-3 to 1 m / 1e-3 to 1 s, 1 to 60 s

Non-expert summaryThe prediction of flow behaviour in complex geometries representative of industrial and other practical systems often requires the use of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. Two important pipe geometries are considered in this paper: a sudden and a gradual expansion or contraction. Steady state simulations using the STAR-CD package were used to predict the distribution of the mean shear stress imposed by a turbulent liquid flow from 1 inch to 2 inch cylindrical geometries (Reynolds number in the 1 inch pipe of 50,000), and the fluctuations in the shear stress. These calculated values are compared with estimates based on electrochemical mass transfer measurements. The data sets provide useful benchmarking results for other studies.