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Review article

Hydrodynamic systems for assessing surface fouling, soil adherence and cleaning in laboratory installations

Detry, J.G., Deroanne, C. and Sindic, M.

2009Biotechnol. Agron. Soc. Environ.13(3)427-439

Keywordscleaning, decontamination, hydrodynamics

DisciplinesChemical Engineering, Chemistry, Fluid Mechanics

CategoryReview

Scale1e-6 to 1e-3 m, 1e-3 m, 1e-3 to 1 m / 1 to 60 s, 1 to 60 min

Non-expert summaryThis is a short review presenting and comparing five apparatuses that are used in laboratory scale investigations of cleaning: the parallel plate flow cell, the impinging jet, the radial flow cell, the rotating disk and fluid dynamic gauging. These systems are of particular relevance to the study of surface fouling, surface cleaning or adhesion on solid surfaces in laboratory environment. The key features of their hydrodynamics, as well as their practical advantages and drawbacks, are discussed. Examples of applications fields are also listed. A useful introduction to these devices.

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Article

Mass transfer from a flat surface to an impinging turbulent jet

Rao, V.V., Trass, O.

1964Canadian Journal Chemical Engineering42(3)95-99

Keywordscleaning, decontamination, impinging turbulent jet, mass transfer

DisciplinesChemical Engineering, Fluid Mechanics

CategoriesLaboratory experiments, Theoretical modelling

Scale1e-6 to 1e-3 m, 1e-3 to 1 m / 1e-3 to 1 s, 1 to 60 s

Non-expert summaryThis is a relatively early experimental study of mass transfer of a sparingly soluble material from a flat, solid surface when it is exposed to a normally impinging turbulent jet of water. The nozzle Reynolds numbers ranged from 25,000 to 125,000. The surface was coated with trans-cinnamic acid, and thickness profiles were measure over time to determine the local rate of mass transfer. The mass transfer flux is used to calculate the local Sherwood number (dimensionless mass transfer coefficient). In the wall-jet region these were found to be independent of the nozzle to plate distance, and were correlated as Sh = 1.3*Re^0.84*(x/d)^- 1.27. The authors found reasonable agreement with published heat transfer data . The average Sherwood numbers in the impingement region were found to decrease rapidly beyond a transition zone of 6.5 diameters from the nozzle: mass transfer rates are thus weak beyond this zone.

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Article

Local wall shear stress variations predicted by computational fluid dynamics for hygienic design

Jensen, B.B.B., Friis, A., Bénézech, T., Legentilhomme, P., Lelièvre, C.

2005Food Bioproducts Processing83(C1)53-60

Keywordscleaning, decontamination, shear flow, turbulence

DisciplinesChemical Engineering, Fluid Mechanics

CategoryNumerical simulations

Scale1e-3 to 1 m / 1e-3 to 1 s, 1 to 60 s

Non-expert summaryThe prediction of flow behaviour in complex geometries representative of industrial and other practical systems often requires the use of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. Two important pipe geometries are considered in this paper: a sudden and a gradual expansion or contraction. Steady state simulations using the STAR-CD package were used to predict the distribution of the mean shear stress imposed by a turbulent liquid flow from 1 inch to 2 inch cylindrical geometries (Reynolds number in the 1 inch pipe of 50,000), and the fluctuations in the shear stress. These calculated values are compared with estimates based on electrochemical mass transfer measurements. The data sets provide useful benchmarking results for other studies.

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Article

Bubble-driven detachment of bacteria from confined geometries

Khodoparast, S., Kim, M.K., Silpe, J.E., Stone, H.A.

2017Environmental Science & Technology511340-1347

Keywordcleaning

DisciplineFluid Mechanics

CategoryLaboratory experiments

Scale1e-6 to 1e-3 m / 1e-3 to 1 s, 1 to 60 min

Non-expert summarySmall particles may be removed from a surface by the motion of a contact line over the particle or by the passage of a bubble along a channel, which generates a thin film of liquid at the wall of the channel. In both cases the capillary forces induced on the particle can exceed the adhesion force holding the particle on the wall. The origin of this cleaning mechanism is discussed and the removal of bacteria (S. aureus) from the walls of microchannels with square cross section by the passage of bubbles is investigated experimentally. The organisms are not left for long periods to form strong adhesive bonds to the wall.

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Article

Hydrodynamic cleaning of a viscous film from the inside of a long tube

Mickaily, E.S. and Middleman, S.

1993AIChE Journal39(5)885-893

Keywordscleaning, decontamination, immiscible flow, thin film

DisciplinesChemical Engineering, Fluid Mechanics

CategoriesLaboratory experiments, Theoretical modelling

Scale1e-6 to 1e-3 m / 1e-3 to 1 s, 1 to 60 s

Non-expert summaryA simple, dynamic model, supported by experiments, is presented for the thinning (removal) of a viscous liquid film from the inside of the smooth interior surface of a long cylindrical tube. The model is based on the motion of the film generated by the shear stress imposed on it by the turbulent flow of air through the tube. The model gives estimates of the mean thickness of the film (an olive oil and a castor oil). The authors extend the investigation to include removal from roughened surfaces, modelling these as regularly spaced triangular cavities.

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Article

Hygienic design: Effect of hydrodynamics on the cleanability of a food processing line

Blel, W., Legentilhomme, P., Legrand, J., Bénézech, T., Le Gentil-Lelièvre, C.

2008AIChE J54(10)2553-2566

Keywordsbacteria, cleaning, hydrodynamics

DisciplinesChemical Engineering, Microbiology

CategoryLaboratory experiments

Scale1e-6 to 1e-3 m, 1e-3 m, 1e-3 to 1 m / 1e-3 to 1 s, 1 to 60 s, 1 to 60 min

Non-expert summaryAn important part of hygienic design is knowledge of the forces imposed on a surface by the flow of a process liquid, and whether those forces are large enough to remove any contaminants. This is a chiefly experimental study investigating the numbers of adhering Bacillus cereus spores before and after cleaning in place of part of a dairy processing line. Non-intrusive flow characterization, of local wall shear stress and velocity profiles, were measured using electrochemical and ultrasonic Doppler velocimetry techniques. The geometries studied inlcuded gradual asymmetric pipe contractions and pipe expansions and bends. The recirculation zone resulting from the flow detachment after the expansion resulted in a large number of adherent spores downstream of this geometrical change. Welding and gasket regions also retained spores, proving difficult to clean despite high-shear stress forces involved. The flow measurements are compared with some theory so the level of modelling is not high but the data sets present important cases for new investigations, e.g. using CFD methods.

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Review article

Liquid jet impingement

Lienhard, J.H.

1995Annual Review of Heat Transfer6199-270

Keywordscleaning, heat transfer, multiphase flow

DisciplinesFluid Mechanics, Mechanical Engineering

CategoryReview

Scale1e-6 to 1e-3 m, 1e-3 to 1 m / 1e-3 to 1 s, 1 to 60 s

Non-expert summaryThis is a review of heat transfer and flow phenomena during unsubmerged liquid jet impingement on solid surfaces, such as when a water jet passes through air and impinges on a wall. Both axisymmetric and planar jets are considered. The focus is on convective transport without phase change. Results for the stagnation zone are given first, followed by those for the regions downstream. Correlations are presented for flow and heat transfer phenomena. The heat fluxes that can be generated in these systems can be large, so there is a considerable body of work on topic. Splattering - the formation of breakaway droplets from the liquid film - that accompanies turbulent jet impingement is described. Other aspects of liquid jet impingement cooling are discussed briefly.

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Article

The radial spread of a liquid jet over a horizontal plane

Watson, E.J.

1964J. Fluid Mech.20(3)481 - 499

Keywordcleaning

DisciplineApplied Mathematics, Fluid Mechanics

Scale1e-6 to 1e-3 m / 1e-3 to 1 s, 1 to 60 s

Non-expert summaryThis is the first paper to present a coherent treatment of the formation of a hydraulic jump by a smooth, coherent liquid film impinging normally on to a smooth horizontal plate. The liquid spreads out radially in a thin layer bounded by a circular hydraulic jump, outside which the depth is much greater. The motion in the layer is analyzed in terms of boundary-layer theory, both for laminar and for turbulent flow, and relations are obtained for the radius of the hydraulic jump. These relations are compared with experimental results obtained for water jets in air.. The analogous problems of two-dimensional flow are also considered.

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Article

Cleaning of a model food soil from horizontal plates by a moving vertical water jet

Wilson, D.I., Köhler, H., Cai, L., Majschak, J-P. and Davidson, J.F.

2014Chemical Engineering Science123450-459

Keywordcleaning

DisciplineChemical Engineering, Fluid Mechanics

Scale1e-3 to 1 m / 1e-3 to 1 s

Non-expert summaryThe paper presents a model to describe the results of an experimental investigation of removal of thin (several microns thick) Xanthan gum layers from flat horizontal plates by a coherent water jet impinging normally on the plate. In the experiments, the impingement point of the jet moved across the plate, replicating the action of a moving or rotating nozzle which causes the point of impact to move across a wall or other surface to be cleaned. Removal was monitored by a fluorescence technique: the Xanthan gum layers contained fluorescent ZnS crystals which allowed the location of the cleaning front to be monitored in situ and in real time. The curved shape, and final width, of the steady state cleaning front was predicted by a first order peeling model based on the momentum flow in the film. The governing equation for the steady state shape is formulated in terms of a general cleaning rate. For these experiments, the parameters of the cleaning model which were obtained from experiments involving static nozzles gave good predictions of the shape of the cleaning front observed with moving nozzles.

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Article

Numerical simulation of pressure-driven displacement of a viscoplastic material by a Newtonian fluid using the lattice Boltzmann method

Swain, P.A.P., Karapetsas, G., Matar, O.K., Sahu, K.C.

2015Eur J. Mech. B Fluids49197-207

Keywordscleaning, flow displacement, interfacial dynamics, multiphase flow

DisciplinesApplied Mathematics, Chemical Engineering, Fluid Mechanics

CategoryNumerical simulations

Scale1e-6 to 1e-3 m, 1e-3 m, 1e-3 to 1 m, 1 to 10 m

Non-expert summaryThe Lattice-Boltzman numerical method is used to solve the Navier-Stokes equations describing the displacement of a viscoplastic fluid from a cylindrical pipe by the injection of a Newtonian liquid. The equations are written in dimensionless form so no particular time or length scale is specified. Gravity and surface tension effects are included. The average velocity of the Newtonian liquid is such that its flow is laminar. The numerical code is able to resolve several features of the process: the growth of a 'finger' of Newtonian liquid as it pushes the viscoplastic fluid out and the development of waves at the liquid-fluid interface. The impact of key dimensionless groups, particularly the Bingham number (ratio of critical or yield stress to stress induced by the flow) and Reynolds number.

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Article

Cleaning of complex soil layers on vertical walls by fixed and moving impinging liquid jets

Glover, H.W., Brass, T., Bhagat, R.K., Davidson, J.F., Pratt, L., Wilson, D.I.

2016J. Food Engineering17895-109

Keywordcleaning

DisciplineChemical Engineering

Scale1e-6 to 1e-3 m / 1e-3 to 1 s, 1 to 60 s

Non-expert summaryThis paper describes an experimental study of the removal of thin (less than or equal to 1 mm) layers of (i) dried polyvinyl alcohol, PVA, and (ii) petroleum jelly (a viscoplastic fluid) from vertical glass or polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) surfaces by the normal impingement of a turbulent coherent water jet (passing through air). The PVA experiments feature a static nozzle and surface so a circular region of cleared material grows steadily over time: the petroleum jelly also features experiments where the surface moves relative to the the nozzle, replicating a moving jet. In the latter case, the jet generates a rounded cleaning front upstream of the impingement point. The viscoplasticity of the petroleum jelly limits the extent of the cleaned area. A quantitative model is presented where the cleaning rate is related to the flow of momentum per unit length in the liquid film, modified for yield stress behaviour. This model is able to describe the results obtained for static and moving configurations. An expression is obtained for the momentum flow rate associated with viscoplastic behaviour.

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Article

How clean is clean: a review of the social science of environmental cleanups

Maxwell, K., Kiessling, B., Buckley, J.

2018Environ. Res. Lett.13083002

Keywordscleaning, risk, social factors

DisciplinesSocial sciences

CategoryReview

Scalegreater than 1 km / greater than 1 year

Non-expert summaryThis is a review of social science studies on the social problems of environmental contamination and the social factors that affect cleanup processes and outcomes. It does not focus on technical aspects. An interdisciplinary literature review identified 97 articles and identified three themes: effects on cleanup worker health; public engagement and decision making; and societal benefits of cleaned-up sites. The need to link up various societal factors in making environmental cleanup policy is highlighted.

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