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Article

Bubble-driven detachment of bacteria from confined geometries

Khodoparast, S., Kim, M.K., Silpe, J.E., Stone, H.A.

2017Environmental Science & Technology511340-1347

Keywordcleaning

DisciplineFluid Mechanics

CategoryLaboratory experiments

Scale1e-6 to 1e-3 m / 1e-3 to 1 s, 1 to 60 min

Non-expert summarySmall particles may be removed from a surface by the motion of a contact line over the particle or by the passage of a bubble along a channel, which generates a thin film of liquid at the wall of the channel. In both cases the capillary forces induced on the particle can exceed the adhesion force holding the particle on the wall. The origin of this cleaning mechanism is discussed and the removal of bacteria (S. aureus) from the walls of microchannels with square cross section by the passage of bubbles is investigated experimentally. The organisms are not left for long periods to form strong adhesive bonds to the wall.

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Article

Hydrodynamic cleaning of a viscous film from the inside of a long tube

Mickaily, E.S. and Middleman, S.

1993AIChE Journal39(5)885-893

Keywordscleaning, decontamination, immiscible flow, thin film

DisciplinesChemical Engineering, Fluid Mechanics

CategoriesLaboratory experiments, Theoretical modelling

Scale1e-6 to 1e-3 m / 1e-3 to 1 s, 1 to 60 s

Non-expert summaryA simple, dynamic model, supported by experiments, is presented for the thinning (removal) of a viscous liquid film from the inside of the smooth interior surface of a long cylindrical tube. The model is based on the motion of the film generated by the shear stress imposed on it by the turbulent flow of air through the tube. The model gives estimates of the mean thickness of the film (an olive oil and a castor oil). The authors extend the investigation to include removal from roughened surfaces, modelling these as regularly spaced triangular cavities.

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Review article

Liquid jet impingement

Lienhard, J.H.

1995Annual Review of Heat Transfer6199-270

Keywordscleaning, heat transfer, multiphase flow

DisciplinesFluid Mechanics, Mechanical Engineering

CategoryReview

Scale1e-6 to 1e-3 m, 1e-3 to 1 m / 1e-3 to 1 s, 1 to 60 s

Non-expert summaryThis is a review of heat transfer and flow phenomena during unsubmerged liquid jet impingement on solid surfaces, such as when a water jet passes through air and impinges on a wall. Both axisymmetric and planar jets are considered. The focus is on convective transport without phase change. Results for the stagnation zone are given first, followed by those for the regions downstream. Correlations are presented for flow and heat transfer phenomena. The heat fluxes that can be generated in these systems can be large, so there is a considerable body of work on topic. Splattering - the formation of breakaway droplets from the liquid film - that accompanies turbulent jet impingement is described. Other aspects of liquid jet impingement cooling are discussed briefly.

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Article

The radial spread of a liquid jet over a horizontal plane

Watson, E.J.

1964J. Fluid Mech.20(3)481 - 499

Keywordcleaning

DisciplineApplied Mathematics, Fluid Mechanics

Scale1e-6 to 1e-3 m / 1e-3 to 1 s, 1 to 60 s

Non-expert summaryThis is the first paper to present a coherent treatment of the formation of a hydraulic jump by a smooth, coherent liquid film impinging normally on to a smooth horizontal plate. The liquid spreads out radially in a thin layer bounded by a circular hydraulic jump, outside which the depth is much greater. The motion in the layer is analyzed in terms of boundary-layer theory, both for laminar and for turbulent flow, and relations are obtained for the radius of the hydraulic jump. These relations are compared with experimental results obtained for water jets in air.. The analogous problems of two-dimensional flow are also considered.

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Article

The influence of surface tension on the circular hydraulic jump

Bush, J.W.M. and Aristoff, J.M.

2003J. Fluid Mech.489229-238

Keywordinterfacial dynamics

DisciplineFluid Mechanics

Scale1e-6 to 1e-3 m, 1e-3 to 1 m / 1e-3 to 1 s

Non-expert summaryThis paper extends the analysis of Watson (1964) to consider the influence of surface tension on the laminar circular hydraulic jump generated by a smooth liquid jet of finite viscosity passing through air and impinging on a horizontal surface. A hydraulic jump is obtained where the liquid film thickness changes from a thin film to a deeper, slow moving film. They obtain an expression for the curvature force and use it to obtain an expression for the radius of the jump. The analysis is accompanied by experiments. They show that the surface tension correction is generally small for laboratory chases, but is appreciable for jumps of small radius and height.

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Article

Convective mass transfer from a submerged drop in a thin falling film

Landel, J.R., Thomas, A.L., McEvoy, H., Dalziel, S.B.

2016J. Fluid Mech.789630-668

Keywordsdecontamination, drop, film flow, interfacial dynamics, mass transfer

DisciplinesChemical Engineering, Fluid Mechanics

CategoriesLaboratory experiments, Theoretical modelling

Scale1e-6 to 1e-3 m, 1e-3 m / 1e-3 to 1 s, 1 to 60 s, 1 to 60 min

Non-expert summaryThis is an experimental and modelling study of the removal of a passive tracer contained in small, thin, viscous drops attached to a flat inclined substrate using the flow of a thin gravity-driven film. The drop cannot be detached either partially or completely from the surface by the mechanical forces exerted by the cleaning fluid on the drop. Convective mass transfer is established across the interface between the drop and the flowing liquid film and the (dilute) tracer diffuses into the film flow, which takes it away. The Peclet number, comparing the rate of mass transfer in the drop to the rate in the liquid film, is small (< 1) . Two models are presented: a simple empirical model based on film mass transfer coefficients; and a fuller theoretical model solving the quasi-steady two-dimensional advection–diffusion equation in the film, coupled with a time-dependent one-dimensional diffusion equation in the drop. A range of values of the Peclet number (0.01 to 1) is considered in the fuller model. Good agreement is observed between the experimental data and the models.

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Article

Cleaning of a model food soil from horizontal plates by a moving vertical water jet

Wilson, D.I., Köhler, H., Cai, L., Majschak, J-P. and Davidson, J.F.

2014Chemical Engineering Science123450-459

Keywordcleaning

DisciplineChemical Engineering, Fluid Mechanics

Scale1e-3 to 1 m / 1e-3 to 1 s

Non-expert summaryThe paper presents a model to describe the results of an experimental investigation of removal of thin (several microns thick) Xanthan gum layers from flat horizontal plates by a coherent water jet impinging normally on the plate. In the experiments, the impingement point of the jet moved across the plate, replicating the action of a moving or rotating nozzle which causes the point of impact to move across a wall or other surface to be cleaned. Removal was monitored by a fluorescence technique: the Xanthan gum layers contained fluorescent ZnS crystals which allowed the location of the cleaning front to be monitored in situ and in real time. The curved shape, and final width, of the steady state cleaning front was predicted by a first order peeling model based on the momentum flow in the film. The governing equation for the steady state shape is formulated in terms of a general cleaning rate. For these experiments, the parameters of the cleaning model which were obtained from experiments involving static nozzles gave good predictions of the shape of the cleaning front observed with moving nozzles.

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Article

Numerical simulation of pressure-driven displacement of a viscoplastic material by a Newtonian fluid using the lattice Boltzmann method

Swain, P.A.P., Karapetsas, G., Matar, O.K., Sahu, K.C.

2015Eur J. Mech. B Fluids49197-207

Keywordscleaning, flow displacement, interfacial dynamics, multiphase flow

DisciplinesApplied Mathematics, Chemical Engineering, Fluid Mechanics

CategoryNumerical simulations

Scale1e-6 to 1e-3 m, 1e-3 m, 1e-3 to 1 m, 1 to 10 m

Non-expert summaryThe Lattice-Boltzman numerical method is used to solve the Navier-Stokes equations describing the displacement of a viscoplastic fluid from a cylindrical pipe by the injection of a Newtonian liquid. The equations are written in dimensionless form so no particular time or length scale is specified. Gravity and surface tension effects are included. The average velocity of the Newtonian liquid is such that its flow is laminar. The numerical code is able to resolve several features of the process: the growth of a 'finger' of Newtonian liquid as it pushes the viscoplastic fluid out and the development of waves at the liquid-fluid interface. The impact of key dimensionless groups, particularly the Bingham number (ratio of critical or yield stress to stress induced by the flow) and Reynolds number.

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